Blog I started to do in 2018: http://www.science1984.wordpress.com My intentions were and always will be to help people in some way for a better world. https://science1984.wordpress.com/2022/10/18/goals-of-this-blog-objetivos-deste-blog-top-technologies-https-en-wikipedia-org-wiki-human_brain-https-en-wikipedia-org-wiki-mind-https-en-wikipedia-org-wiki-memory/ Very Important Notes: I don´t earn any money from this blog. This blog statistics about 2018 are not entirely from real people. If possible, visit and share my blog and inform to your friends to do the same to do a very big dissemination of my blog. Thanks in advance!! Best wishes for you always !! Thank you again!! #probabilities #reader #person #people #country

This blog content is very good with very high quality and importance to the national and world society. So many people from different countries have already visited it and liked it, such as renowned professors, researchers and scientists worldwide. I put a lot of positive feedback on this blog. I was invited through direct messages to participate as a speaker and other forms of several scientific events of high worldwide importance in a very short time because I participated in very important research in Brazil (´´my´´ monograph and ´´my ´´ dissertation). These invitations that were made to me are also on the blog, because as many know, the transparency of a website or blog is very important for people. Unfortunately, there are fake news on websites, social networks and blogs, for example. There is a lot of information and knowledge on this blog from very reliable sources. The dissemination of these information and knowledge is always essential for the progress of the country and the world. It was a very hard work to do, however, the most important and valuable thing is the recognition of all this work done by the people who access it. My intentions and objectives has always been and always will be to improve Brazil and the world in some way and/or in different ways with this blog, depending on who accesses it and in what field they work, for example. One of the main goals of this blog is to encourage scientific research; help professionals in the field with great information and knowledge, stimulating new ideas, projects and research; encourage people to do better scientific research, with more precision and details, even if there is no statistically significant difference in the results between certain parameters, as these aren´t results only because of that, and can stimulate new ideas on the part of professors, researchers, students, scientists and other people who work in the scientific area in carrying out new scientific works with different objectives and methodologies and/or focusing more in details like graphics comparisons in certain biological factors analysing certain factors like ages of the experimental animals and/or in humans in determined experimental time. Therefore, it´s relevant to show them to the Scientific Society in posters and scientific articles published in scientific journals, even with no statistically significant difference. The transparency of the results of a scientific work is always important. There´s an article published in 2019 in the Nature that inform this very important issue, stating that Science would be more difficult but better: https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-00874-8 It’s time to talk about ditching statistical significance – Looking beyond a much used and abused measure would make science harder, but better. Sometimes, small details in the results of a research, totally overlooked by many and/or all of the team, can play an essential role in obtaining new Scientific Discoveries in the future. Science is closely linked to uncertainty, questions and doubts. On many occasions, in the most diverse laboratories of several countries, results appear totally unexpected by the entire team responsible for the experiment, becoming very valuable to the scientific community. Many already know that working in the scientific area is very complicated, including in financial terms, because in many cases, the Government does not encourage the person with a scholarship, for example. This blog is dedicated to Science, Technology and Innovation. As many already know, human life expectancy needs to increase a lot in a short time through more efficient research and scientific projects, resulting in new therapeutic substances, medicines, vaccines, medical devices, among others. Unfortunately, there are silent, fatal diseases and other types of diseases that have been very complicated for a long time, and that the Scientific Community cannot cure, prevent, or diagnose them too early to make a treatment and prognosis much faster and more efficient. For this and other reasons, of course, unfortunately, so many people end up dying daily in Brazil and in other countries. The scientific world urgently needs major innovations to obtain better results in scientific work, even if these works are very difficult to understand and carry out. Transparency and clarity of research results in scientific articles and scientific events is essential, as it encourages people to reflect on the subject, even though it is very difficult to understand and explain. Obviously, it is much better to show them to the Scientific Community, such as detailed graphics referring to different ages of mice in different groups of a research, being able to compare them on different parameters, taking into account that the mouse genetics is almost the same. to that of the human being related to the health- disease state. As is known, age is a very relevant factor in a person’s health-disease process, combined with other factors that are related to each other simultaneously, such as genetics, human physiology, biochemistry, existing comorbidities in the human body, among others. The world urgently needs much more efficient methods of diagnosis, prognosis and treatment in many cases, as well as medical devices, medicines, therapeutic substances, among others. With that, the human lifespan will increase significantly. It is worth mentioning that personalized medicine or precision medicine is very innovative and important, but as in many fields of Science, there are many gaps that need to be filled through much more effective research and projects. It is clear that theory does not always combine with practice, depending on the subject at hand, and the work of professionals in the area is very challenging, complex and complicated, even with great interactions between several teams from different countries, however, the benefits of such results achieved are much better and efficient. Observation: There´re people who are part of the Scientific Community who believe that in the future Human Physical Immortality can be achieved. If you can promote the blog it will be very important, of course. If everyone who accesses the blog and disseminates it, the result of these attitudes will be very significant in many aspects for national and global society. There is a lot of very important and innovative work done by others on the blog. Health and Peace to You and Others Always!! For a Better World Always!! #Law #Direito #Vida #Life #Health #Saúde #Authoriries #Autoridades #Investigations #Investigações #País #Country #City #Cidade #HumanLongevity #Idade(s) #Age #Ages #Future #Time #Respect #Respeito #Pessoa #Pessoas #Person #People #Internet #Data #HumanRights #DireitosHumanos #Team #Equipe #Govern #Governo #Probabilidade(s) #Probabilities #Probability #Fato #Fact #TypesOfCommunication #Energy #Energia#Universe #Universo #CreatorOfTheUniverse #CriadorDoUniverso #Name #Nome #ForABetterWorldAlways #ProteçãoDoMundoSempre #PorUmMundoMelhorSempre #TodasAsManeiras #AllWays #AllProbabilities #TodasProbabilidades #Situations #Situações #Fala #Speak #Listen #Escuta #Write #Escrita #Typing #Redigir #Read #Ler #Feelings #Sentimentos #Actions #Ações #Work #Trabalho #FutureGenerations #GeraçõesFuturas #Contributions #Contribuições #ScientificCommunity #ComunidadeCientífica

The human expectancy of life needs to increase so much faster by more efficient researches and projects. So, the World will have very efficient drugs, therapeutic substances, medical devices and vaccines, for example. Unfortunately there are fatal diseases in our World. The methods of prevention, diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of diseases are always fundamental to the human life. In many cases, these methods need to be so much better more and more by more efficient technologies.

https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-00874-8
• EDITORIAL
• 20 March 2019
It’s time to talk about ditching
statistical significance
Looking beyond a much used and abused measure
would make science harder, but better.

COMMENT
20 March 2019
Scientists rise up against statistical significance
Valentin Amrhein, Sander Greenland, Blake McShane and more than 800 signatories call for an end to hyped claims and the dismissal of possibly crucial effects.

O conteúdo deste blog está muito bom com alta qualidade e importância p/ a sociedade nacional e mundial. Muitas pessoas de vários países já o acessaram e gostaram do mesmo, tais como renomados professores, pesquisadores e cientistas de várias partes do mundo. Coloquei muitos feedbacks positivos neste blog. Fui convidado por meio de mensagens diretas p/ participar como speaker e outras formas de vários eventos científicos de alta importância mundial em muito pouco tempo porque participei de pesquisas bem importantes no Brasil (´´minha´´ monografia e ´´minha´´ dissertação). Está no blog também estes convites que me foram feitos, pois como muitos sabem, a transparência de um site ou blog é muito importante p/ as pessoas. Infelizmente há fake news em sites, redes sociais e blogs, por exemplo. Há uma grande quantidade de informações e conhecimentos neste blog de fontes muito confiáveis. A difusão destas informações e conhecimentos sempre é essencial p/ o progresso do país e do mundo. Foi um trabalho muito árduo de fazê-lo, porém, o mais importante e valioso, é o reconhecimento de todo este trabalho feito pelas pessoas que o acessam. Minhas intenções e objetivos sempre foram e sempre serão de melhorar o Brasil e o mundo de alguma forma e/ou de várias formas com este blog, dependendo de quem o acessa e em que ramo trabalha, por exemplo. Um dos grandes objetivos deste blog é incentivar a realização da pesquisa científica; ajudar profissionais do ramo com ótimas informações e conhecimentos, estimulando novas ideias, projetos e pesquisas; incentivar as pessoas a fazerem uma melhor pesquisa científica, com mais precisão e detalhes, mesmo não havendo nos resultados uma diferença estatística significativa entre certos parâmetros, pois estes não deixam de ser resultados importantes apenas por isso, podendo estimular novas ideias por parte de professores, pesquisadores, alunos, cientistas e demais pessoas que atuam na área científica na realização de novos trabalhos científicos com objetivos e metodologias diferentes e/ou focando mais em detalhes como comparações gráficas em determinados fatores biológicos, analisando certos fatores, como idades dos animais experimentais e/ou em humanos durante um tempo experimental. Por isso, é relevante mostrá-los para a Sociedade Científica em pôsteres e artigos científicos publicados em revistas científicas, mesmo não havendo diferença estatística significativa. É sempre importante a transparência dos resultados de um trabalho científico. Há um artigo publicado na Revista Nature https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-00874-8 que aborda este assunto bem relevante, informando que a Ciência ficaria mais difícil porém melhor: It’s time to talk about ditching statistical significance – Looking beyond a much used and abused measure would make science harder, but better. Às vezes, pequenos detalhes nos resultados de uma pesquisa, menosprezados totalmente por muitos e/ou por todos da equipe, pode ter um papel essencial na obtenção de novas Descobertas Científicas futuramente. A Ciência está muito ligada à incerteza, questionamentos e dúvidas. Em muitas ocasiões, nos mais diversos laboratórios de vários países, surgem resultados totalmente inesperados por toda a equipe responsável do experimento, tornando-se muito valiosos pra comunidade científica. Muitos já sabem que trabalhar na área científica é bem complicado, incluindo em termos financeiros, pois em muitos casos, o Governo não estimula a pessoa com uma bolsa de estudos, por exemplo. Este blog está voltado à Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação. Como muitos já sabem, a expectativa de vida humana precisa aumentar muito em pouco tempo por meio de pesquisas e projetos científicos mais eficientes, resultando em novas substâncias terapêuticas, medicamentos, vacinas, aparelhos médicos, entre outros. Infelizmente há as doenças silenciosas, fatais e outros tipos de doenças muito complicadas desde muito tempo, e que a Comunidade Científica não consegue curá-las, prevení-las, diagnosticá-las muito precocemente para fazer um tratamento e prognóstico muito mais rápido e eficiente. Por isso e por outros motivos, é claro, infelizmente, muitas e muitas pessoas acabam falecendo diariamente no Brasil e nos demais países. O mundo científico precisa urgentemente de grandes inovações p/ a obtenção de melhores resultados nos trabalhos científicos, mesmo que estes trabalhos sejam muito difíceis de serem compreendidos e realizados. É fundamental a transparência e clareza dos resultados das pesquisas em artigos científicos e eventos científicos, pois estimula as pessoas a refletirem sobre o assunto, mesmo sendo muito difícil de ser entendido e explicado. Obviamente, é bem melhor mostrá-los p/ a Comunidade Científica, tais como gráficos detalhistas referentes à diferentes idades de camundongos em grupos distintos de uma pesquisa, podendo compará-los sobre diferentes parâmetros, levando em consideração que a genética do camundongo é quase igual à do humano estando relacionado ao estado de saúde-doença. Como é sabido, a idade é um fator muito relevante no processo de saúde- doença de uma pessoa, aliada à outros fatores que se relacionam entre si simultaneamente, como a genética, fisiologia humana, bioquímica, comorbidades existentes no corpo humano, entre outros. O mundo precisa urgentemente de métodos de diagnóstico, prognóstico e tratamento muito mais eficientes em vários casos, assim como de aparelhos médicos, medicamentos, substâncias terapêuticas, e outros. Com isso, o tempo de vida humano aumentará significativamente. Vale ressaltar que a medicina personalizada ou medicina de precisão é muito importante e inovadora, mas, assim como em vários campos da Ciência, há muitas lacunas que precisam ser preenchidas por meio de pesquisas e projetos bem mais eficazes. É claro que a teoria nem sempre se alia à prática, dependendo do assunto de que se trata, o trabalho dos profissionais da área científica é muito desafiador, complexo e complicado, mesmo havendo grandes interações entre várias equipes de vários países, porém, os benefícios de tais resultados alcançados são muito melhores e eficientes. Observação: Há pessoas que fazem parte da Comunidade Científica que acreditam que no futuro a Imortalidade Física Humana poderá ser atingida. Se você puder divulgar o blog será muito importante, sem sombras de dúvidas. Se cada um que acessar o blog e divulgar o mesmo, o resultado destas atitudes será muito significativo em vários aspectos p/ a sociedade nacional e mundial. Há uma grande quantidade de trabalhos muito importantes e inovadores feitos por outras pessoas no blog. Saúde e Paz pra Você e p/ as Demais Pessoas Sempre!! Por um Mundo Sempre Melhor!! #Law #Direito #Vida #Life #Health #Saúde #Authoriries #Autoridades #Investigations #Investigações #País #Country #City #Cidade #HumanLongevity #Idade(s) #Age #Ages #Future #Time #Respect #Respeito #Pessoa #Pessoas #Person #People #Internet #Data #HumanRights #DireitosHumanos #Team #Equipe #Govern #Governo #Probabilidade(s) #Probabilities #Probability #Fato #Fact #TypesOfCommunication #Energy #Energia#Universe #Universo #CreatorOfTheUniverse #CriadorDoUniverso #Name #Nome #ForABetterWorldAlways #ProteçãoDoMundoSempre #PorUmMundoMelhorSempre #TodasAsManeiras #AllWays #AllProbabilities #TodasProbabilidades #Situations #Situações #Fala #Speak #Listen #Escuta #Write #Escrita #Typing #Redigir #Read #Ler #Feelings #Sentimentos #Actions #Ações #Work #Trabalho #FutureGenerations #GeraçõesFuturas #Contributions #Contribuições #ScientificCommunity #ComunidadeCientífica

A expectativa de vida humana precisa aumentar muito mais rápido por meio de pesquisas e projetos mais eficientes. Assim, o mundo terá medicamentos, substâncias terapêuticas, dispositivos médicos e vacinas muito mais eficientes, por exemplo. Infelizmente existem asdoenças fatais em nosso mundo. Os métodos de prevenção, diagnóstico, prognóstico e tratamento de doenças são sempre fundamentais para a vida humana. Em muitos casos, esses métodos precisam ser cada vez melhores por tecnologias mais eficientes.

Compartilhar informações interessantes e importantes é um ato bem importante porque ajuda na difusão das mesmas no mundo. É claro, tem que ser verdadeiras e não fake news.

Sharing interesting and important informations is a very important act because it helps in the diffusion of them in the world. Of course, it has to be true and not fake news.

Scientists rise up against statistical significance

Valentin Amrhein, Sander Greenland, Blake McShane and more than 800 signatories call for an end to hyped claims and the dismissal of possibly crucial effects.

When was the last time you heard a seminar speaker claim there was ‘no difference’ between two groups because the difference was ‘statistically non-significant’?

If your experience matches ours, there’s a good chance that this happened at the last talk you attended. We hope that at least someone in the audience was perplexed if, as frequently happens, a plot or table showed that there actually was a difference.

How do statistics so often lead scientists to deny differences that those not educated in statistics can plainly see? For several generations, researchers have been warned that a statistically non-significant result does not ‘prove’ the null hypothesis (the hypothesis that there is no difference between groups or no effect of a treatment on some measured outcome)¹. Nor do statistically significant results ‘prove’ some other hypothesis. Such misconceptions have famously warped the literature with overstated claims and, less famously, led to claims of conflicts between studies where none exists.

We have some proposals to keep scientists from falling prey to these misconceptions.

Pervasive problem

Let’s be clear about what must stop: we should never conclude there is ‘no difference’ or ‘no association’ just because a P value is larger than a threshold such as 0.05 or, equivalently, because a confidence interval includes zero. Neither should we conclude that two studies conflict because one had a statistically significant result and the other did not. These errors waste research efforts and misinform policy decisions.

For example, consider a series of analyses of unintended effects of anti-inflammatory drugs². Because their results were statistically non-significant, one set of researchers concluded that exposure to the drugs was “not associated” with new-onset atrial fibrillation (the most common disturbance to heart rhythm) and that the results stood in contrast to those from an earlier study with a statistically significant outcome.

Now, let’s look at the actual data. The researchers describing their statistically non-significant results found a risk ratio of 1.2 (that is, a 20% greater risk in exposed patients relative to unexposed ones). They also found a 95% confidence interval that spanned everything from a trifling risk decrease of 3% to a considerable risk increase of 48% (P = 0.091; our calculation). The researchers from the earlier, statistically significant, study found the exact same risk ratio of 1.2. That study was simply more precise, with an interval spanning from 9% to 33% greater risk (P = 0.0003; our calculation).

It is ludicrous to conclude that the statistically non-significant results showed “no association”, when the interval estimate included serious risk increases; it is equally absurd to claim these results were in contrast with the earlier results showing an identical observed effect. Yet these common practices show how reliance on thresholds of statistical significance can mislead us (see ‘Beware false conclusions’).

These and similar errors are widespread. Surveys of hundreds of articles have found that statistically non-significant results are interpreted as indicating ‘no difference’ or ‘no effect’ in around half (see ‘Wrong interpretations’ and Supplementary Information).

In 2016, the American Statistical Association released a statement in The American Statistician warning against the misuse of statistical significance and P values. The issue also included many commentaries on the subject. This month, a special issue in the same journal attempts to push these reforms further. It presents more than 40 papers on ‘Statistical inference in the 21st century: a world beyond P < 0.05’. The editors introduce the collection with the caution “don’t say ‘statistically significant’”³. Another article⁴ with dozens of signatories also calls on authors and journal editors to disavow those terms.

We agree, and call for the entire concept of statistical significance to be abandoned.

We are far from alone. When we invited others to read a draft of this comment and sign their names if they concurred with our message, 250 did so within the first 24 hours. A week later, we had more than 800 signatories — all checked for an academic affiliation or other indication of present or past work in a field that depends on statistical modelling (see the list and final count of signatories in the Supplementary Information). These include statisticians, clinical and medical researchers, biologists and psychologists from more than 50 countries and across all continents except Antarctica. One advocate called it a “surgical strike against thoughtless testing of statistical significance” and “an opportunity to register your voice in favour of better scientific practices”.

We are not calling for a ban on P values. Nor are we saying they cannot be used as a decision criterion in certain specialized applications (such as determining whether a manufacturing process meets some quality-control standard). And we are also not advocating for an anything-goes situation, in which weak evidence suddenly becomes credible. Rather, and in line with many others over the decades, we are calling for a stop to the use of P values in the conventional, dichotomous way — to decide whether a result refutes or supports a scientific hypothesis⁵.

Quit categorizing

The trouble is human and cognitive more than it is statistical: bucketing results into ‘statistically significant’ and ‘statistically non-significant’ makes people think that the items assigned in that way are categorically different^6–8. The same problems are likely to arise under any proposed statistical alternative that involves dichotomization, whether frequentist, Bayesian or otherwise.

Unfortunately, the false belief that crossing the threshold of statistical significance is enough to show that a result is ‘real’ has led scientists and journal editors to privilege such results, thereby distorting the literature. Statistically significant estimates are biased upwards in magnitude and potentially to a large degree, whereas statistically non-significant estimates are biased downwards in magnitude. Consequently, any discussion that focuses on estimates chosen for their significance will be biased. On top of this, the rigid focus on statistical significance encourages researchers to choose data and methods that yield statistical significance for some desired (or simply publishable) result, or that yield statistical non-significance for an undesired result, such as potential side effects of drugs — thereby invalidating conclusions.

The pre-registration of studies and a commitment to publish all results of all analyses can do much to mitigate these issues. However, even results from pre-registered studies can be biased by decisions invariably left open in the analysis plan⁹. This occurs even with the best of intentions.

Again, we are not advocating a ban on P values, confidence intervals or other statistical measures — only that we should not treat them categorically. This includes dichotomization as statistically significant or not, as well as categorization based on other statistical measures such as Bayes factors.

One reason to avoid such ‘dichotomania’ is that all statistics, including P values and confidence intervals, naturally vary from study to study, and often do so to a surprising degree. In fact, random variation alone can easily lead to large disparities in P values, far beyond falling just to either side of the 0.05 threshold. For example, even if researchers could conduct two perfect replication studies of some genuine effect, each with 80% power (chance) of achieving P < 0.05, it would not be very surprising for one to obtain P < 0.01 and the other P > 0.30. Whether a P value is small or large, caution is warranted.

We must learn to embrace uncertainty. One practical way to do so is to rename confidence intervals as ‘compatibility intervals’ and interpret them in a way that avoids overconfidence. Specifically, we recommend that authors describe the practical implications of all values inside the interval, especially the observed effect (or point estimate) and the limits. In doing so, they should remember that all the values between the interval’s limits are reasonably compatible with the data, given the statistical assumptions used to compute the interval^7,10. Therefore, singling out one particular value (such as the null value) in the interval as ‘shown’ makes no sense.

We’re frankly sick of seeing such nonsensical ‘proofs of the null’ and claims of non-association in presentations, research articles, reviews and instructional materials. An interval that contains the null value will often also contain non-null values of high practical importance. That said, if you deem all of the values inside the interval to be practically unimportant, you might then be able to say something like ‘our results are most compatible with no important effect’.

When talking about compatibility intervals, bear in mind four things. First, just because the interval gives the values most compatible with the data, given the assumptions, it doesn’t mean values outside it are incompatible; they are just less compatible. In fact, values just outside the interval do not differ substantively from those just inside the interval. It is thus wrong to claim that an interval shows all possible values.

Second, not all values inside are equally compatible with the data, given the assumptions. The point estimate is the most compatible, and values near it are more compatible than those near the limits. This is why we urge authors to discuss the point estimate, even when they have a large P value or a wide interval, as well as discussing the limits of that interval. For example, the authors above could have written: ‘Like a previous study, our results suggest a 20% increase in risk of new-onset atrial fibrillation in patients given the anti-inflammatory drugs. Nonetheless, a risk difference ranging from a 3% decrease, a small negative association, to a 48% increase, a substantial positive association, is also reasonably compatible with our data, given our assumptions.’ Interpreting the point estimate, while acknowledging its uncertainty, will keep you from making false declarations of ‘no difference’, and from making overconfident claims.

Third, like the 0.05 threshold from which it came, the default 95% used to compute intervals is itself an arbitrary convention. It is based on the false idea that there is a 95% chance that the computed interval itself contains the true value, coupled with the vague feeling that this is a basis for a confident decision. A different level can be justified, depending on the application. And, as in the anti-inflammatory-drugs example, interval estimates can perpetuate the problems of statistical significance when the dichotomization they impose is treated as a scientific standard.

Last, and most important of all, be humble: compatibility assessments hinge on the correctness of the statistical assumptions used to compute the interval. In practice, these assumptions are at best subject to considerable uncertainty^7,8,10. Make these assumptions as clear as possible and test the ones you can, for example by plotting your data and by fitting alternative models, and then reporting all results.

Whatever the statistics show, it is fine to suggest reasons for your results, but discuss a range of potential explanations, not just favoured ones. Inferences should be scientific, and that goes far beyond the merely statistical. Factors such as background evidence, study design, data quality and understanding of underlying mechanisms are often more important than statistical measures such as P values or intervals.

The objection we hear most against retiring statistical significance is that it is needed to make yes-or-no decisions. But for the choices often required in regulatory, policy and business environments, decisions based on the costs, benefits and likelihoods of all potential consequences always beat those made based solely on statistical significance. Moreover, for decisions about whether to pursue a research idea further, there is no simple connection between a P value and the probable results of subsequent studies.

What will retiring statistical significance look like? We hope that methods sections and data tabulation will be more detailed and nuanced. Authors will emphasize their estimates and the uncertainty in them — for example, by explicitly discussing the lower and upper limits of their intervals. They will not rely on significance tests. When P values are reported, they will be given with sensible precision (for example, P = 0.021 or P = 0.13) — without adornments such as stars or letters to denote statistical significance and not as binary inequalities (P  < 0.05 or P > 0.05). Decisions to interpret or to publish results will not be based on statistical thresholds. People will spend less time with statistical software, and more time thinking.

Our call to retire statistical significance and to use confidence intervals as compatibility intervals is not a panacea. Although it will eliminate many bad practices, it could well introduce new ones. Thus, monitoring the literature for statistical abuses should be an ongoing priority for the scientific community. But eradicating categorization will help to halt overconfident claims, unwarranted declarations of ‘no difference’ and absurd statements about ‘replication failure’ when the results from the original and replication studies are highly compatible. The misuse of statistical significance has done much harm to the scientific community and those who rely on scientific advice. P values, intervals and other statistical measures all have their place, but it’s time for statistical significance to go.

Nature 567, 305-307 (2019)

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Nature (Nature) ISSN 1476-4687 (online) ISSN 0028-0836 (print)

It’s time to talk about ditching statistical significance

Looking beyond a much used and abused measure would make science harder, but better.

Fans of The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy know that the answer to life, the Universe and everything is 42. The joke, of course, is that truth cannot be revealed by a single number.

And yet this is the job often assigned to P values: a measure of how surprising a result is, given assumptions about an experiment, including that no effect exists. Whether a P value falls above or below an arbitrary threshold demarcating ‘statistical significance’ (such as 0.05) decides whether hypotheses are accepted, papers are published and products are brought to market. But using P values as the sole arbiter of what to accept as truth can also mean that some analyses are biased, some false positives are overhyped and some genuine effects are overlooked.Scientists rise up against statistical significance

Change is in the air. In a Comment in this week’s issue, three statisticians call for scientists to abandon statistical significance. The authors do not call for P values themselves to be ditched as a statistical tool — rather, they want an end to their use as an arbitrary threshold of significance. More than 800 researchers have added their names as signatories. A series of related articles is being published by the American Statistical Association this week (R. L. Wasserstein et al. Am. Stat. https://doi.org/10.1080/00031305.2019.1583913; 2019). “The tool has become the tyrant,” laments one article.

Statistical significance is so deeply integrated into scientific practice and evaluation that extricating it would be painful. Critics will counter that arbitrary gatekeepers are better than unclear ones, and that the more useful argument is over which results should count for (or against) evidence of effect. There are reasonable viewpoints on all sides; Nature is not seeking to change how it considers statistical analysis in evaluation of papers at this time, but we encourage readers to share their views (see go.nature.com/correspondence).

If researchers do discard statistical significance, what should they do instead? They can start by educating themselves about statistical misconceptions. Most important will be the courage to consider uncertainty from multiple angles in every study. Logic, background knowledge and experimental design should be considered alongside P values and similar metrics to reach a conclusion and decide on its certainty.

When working out which methods to use, researchers should also focus as much as possible on actual problems. People who will duel to the death over abstract theories on the best way to use statistics often agree on results when they are presented with concrete scenarios.

Researchers should seek to analyse data in multiple ways to see whether different analyses converge on the same answer. Projects that have crowdsourced analyses of a data set to diverse teams suggest that this approach can work to validate findings and offer new insights.

In short, be sceptical, pick a good question, and try to answer it in many ways. It takes many numbers to get close to the truth.

Nature 567, 283 (2019)

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Pathol Res Pract. 2012 Jul 15;208(7):377-81. doi: 10.1016/j.prp.2012.04.006. Epub 2012 Jun 8.

The influence of physical activity in the progression of experimental lung cancer in mice

GRUPO_AF1 – GROUP AFA1 – Aerobic Physical Activity – Atividade Física Aeróbia – ´´My´´ Dissertation – Faculty of Medicine of Sao Jose do Rio Preto

GRUPO AFAN 1 – GROUP AFAN1 – Anaerobic Physical Activity – Atividade Física Anaeróbia – ´´My´´ Dissertation – Faculty of Medicine of Sao Jose do Rio Preto

GRUPO_AF2 – GROUP AFA2 – Aerobic Physical Activity – Atividade Física Aeróbia – ´´My´´ Dissertation – Faculty of Medicine of Sao Jose do Rio Preto

GRUPO AFAN 2 – GROUP AFAN 2 – Anaerobic Physical Activity – Atividade Física Anaeróbia – ´´My´´ Dissertation – Faculty of Medicine of Sao Jose do Rio Preto

Slides – mestrado – ´´My´´ Dissertation – Faculty of Medicine of Sao Jose do Rio Preto

CARCINÓGENO DMBA EM MODELOS EXPERIMENTAIS

Lung cancer is one of the most incident neoplasms in the world, representing the main cause of mortality for cancer. Many epidemiologic studies have suggested that physical activity may reduce the risk of lung cancer, other works evaluate the effectiveness of the use of the physical activity in the suppression, remission and reduction of the recurrence of tumors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of aerobic and anaerobic physical activity in the development and the progression of lung cancer. Lung tumors were induced with a dose of 3mg of urethane/kg, in 67 male Balb – C type mice, divided in three groups: group 1_24 mice treated with urethane and without physical activity; group 2_25 mice with urethane and subjected to aerobic swimming free exercise; group 3_18 mice with urethane, subjected to anaerobic swimming exercise with gradual loading 5-20% of body weight. All the animals were sacrificed after 20 weeks, and lung lesions were analyzed. The median number of lesions (nodules and hyperplasia) was 3.0 for group 1, 2.0 for group 2 and 1.5-3 (p=0.052). When comparing only the presence or absence of lesion, there was a decrease in the number of lesions in group 3 as compared with group 1 (p=0.03) but not in relation to group 2. There were no metastases or other changes in other organs. The anaerobic physical activity, but not aerobic, diminishes the incidence of experimental lung tumors.

Copyright © 2012 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

Massive cancer genome study reveals how DNA errors drive tumor growth

By Jocelyn KaiserFeb. 5, 2020 , 1:00 PM

The largest ever study to analyze entire tumor genomes has provided the most complete picture yet of how DNA glitches drive tumor cell growth. Researchers say the results, released today in six papers in Nature and 17 in other journals, could pave the way for full genome sequencing of all patients’ tumors. Such sequences could then be used in efforts to match each patient to a molecular treatment.

The Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) project, which had a cast of more than 1300 scientists and clinicians around the world, analyzed 2658 whole genomes for 38 types of cancer, from breast to liver. “What stands out from these studies is the rigor of doing this in a systemic way,” says cancer geneticist Marcin Cieslik, who with colleague Arul Chinnaiyan at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, co-authored a commentary on the papers.

Previous published studies—such as those from the U.S.-funded Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA)—originally looked only at the “exome,” protein-coding DNA that make up just 1% of the genome, of tumors because it was cheaper and easier. But this shortcut left out many changes that might drive cancer growth. With DNA sequencing costs falling, the TCGA and the International Cancer Genome Consortium turned to the entire genome about 10 years ago, sequencing all 3 billion DNA base pairs, including regulatory regions within noncoding DNA, for many tumor samples. These groups also looked for large rearrangements and other structural changes that exome sequencing misses.

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The PCAWG study’s 1300-strong team then dug into the data, which the other groups had made freely available in databases. Its analysis didn’t find many new so-called “driver” mutations within genes or noncoding DNA that power cell growth in tumors. But the researchers found “many more ways … to change those pathways” of cancer growth, said project member Lincoln Stein of the Ontario Institute for Cancer Research during a press call. For example, about one-fifth of the tumors had cells in which chromosomes shattered and rearranged, a bizarre phenomenon known as chromothripsis.  

Each tumor had four to five driver mutations on average. In all, the PCAWG project was able to find at least one driver mutation in about 95% of the tumor samples, compared with just 67% with exome sequencing, says Peter Campbell of the Wellcome Sanger Institute, another project member. This means many more cancer patients can in principle now be matched to a drug that targets the protein made by that driver gene.

One PCAWG team also figured out how to trace the evolution of the mutations in a single tumor biopsy. The group confirmed that the initial mutations often cropped up years or decades before the cancers were diagnosed, suggesting many could be detected and treated much earlier. Another team found new patterns of mutations that result from environmental exposures such as tobacco smoke. The papers in other journals explore topics such as how often tumor genomes contain DNA from viruses that may have triggered the cancer (13% of the samples).

Some countries, such as the United Kingdom, are moving toward whole-genome sequencing of every cancer patient’s tumor to guide treatment; the full cost is still thousands of dollars per genome, Campbell says. The PCAWG analysis could be “a blueprint for these national programs,” he says. The PCAWG consortium has also begun to pool clinical records and genomes for 100,000 patients to create a “knowledge bank” that doctors could consult to determine the best treatment based on a patient’s tumor genome.

Cieslik and Chinnaiyan note that most of the same information could be gleaned by combining exome data with cheaper tests such as RNA sequencing and assays for rearrangements. “Whether whole-genome sequencing is ultimately the best method in the clinic remains to be seen,” Cieslik says. But the wealth of data from the PCAWG study, which is now freely available to researchers, will help biologists understand the mechanisms of cancer, they say.

Another caveat is that although targeted drugs can be less toxic and more powerful than chemotherapy, most patients’ tumors grow back as a few cells that resist the drug begin to expand. The patient may then need another drug to kill the resistant cells. “It’s certainly true that this kind of sequencing will not mean that all cancers are cured,” Campbell says. “But it points us to where we should be thinking about developing drugs for preventing resistance or treating it once it arises.” Posted in: 

doi:10.1126/science.abb1834

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Research is “creative and systematic work undertaken to increase the stock of knowledge, including knowledge of humans, culture and society, and the use of this stock of knowledge to devise new applications.”^[1] or in other hand Research is a process of steps used to collect and analyze information to increase our understanding of a topic or issue. At a general level, research consists of three steps: 1. Pose a question. 2. Collect data to answer the question. 3. Present an answer to the question. This should be a familiar process. You engage in solving problems every day and you start with a question, collect some information, and then form an answer Research is important for three reasons.1. Research adds to our knowledge: Adding to knowledge means that educators undertake research to contribute to existing information about issues 2.Research improves practice: Research is also important because it suggests improvements for practice. Armed with research results, teachers and other educators become more effective professionals. 3. Research informs policy debates: research also provides information to policy makers when they research and debate educational topics.^[2]

A research project may also be an expansion on past work in the field. Research projects can be used to develop further knowledge on a topic, or in the example of a school research project, they can be used to further a student’s research prowess to prepare them for future jobs or reports. To test the validity of instruments, procedures, or experiments, research may replicate elements of prior projects or the project as a whole. The primary purposes of basic research (as opposed to applied research) are documentation, discovery, interpretation, or the research and development (R&D) of methods and systems for the advancement of human knowledge. Approaches to research depend on epistemologies, which vary considerably both within and between humanities and sciences. There are several forms of research: scientific, humanities, artistic, economic, social, business, marketing, practitioner research, life, technological, etc. The scientific study of research practices is known as meta-research.

Aristotle, (384–322 BC), one of the early figures in the development of the scientific method.^[3]

The word research is derived from the Middle French “recherche“, which means “to go about seeking”, the term itself being derived from the Old French term “recerchier” a compound word from “re-” + “cerchier”, or “sercher”, meaning ‘search’.^[4] The earliest recorded use of the term was in 1577.^[4]

Definitions[edit]

Research has been defined in a number of different ways, and while there are similarities, there does not appear to be a single, all-encompassing definition that is embraced by all who engage in it.

One definition of research is used by the OECD, “Any creative systematic activity undertaken in order to increase the stock of knowledge, including knowledge of man, culture and society, and the use of this knowledge to devise new applications.”^[5]

Another definition of research is given by John W. Creswell, who states that “research is a process of steps used to collect and analyze information to increase our understanding of a topic or issue”. It consists of three steps: pose a question, collect data to answer the question, and present an answer to the question.^[6]

The Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary defines research in more detail as “studious inquiry or examination; especially : investigation or experimentation aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts, revision of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts, or practical application of such new or revised theories or laws”^[4]

Forms of research[edit]

“Original research” redirects here. For the Wikipedia prohibition against user-generated, unpublished research, see Wikipedia:No original research

Original research, also called primary research, is research that is not exclusively based on a summary, review, or synthesis of earlier publications on the subject of research. This material is of a primary-source character. The purpose of the original research is to produce new knowledge, rather than to present the existing knowledge in a new form (e.g., summarized or classified).^[7][8]

Original research can take a number of forms, depending on the discipline it pertains to. In experimental work, it typically involves direct or indirect observation of the researched subject(s), e.g., in the laboratory or in the field, documents the methodology, results, and conclusions of an experiment or set of experiments, or offers a novel interpretation of previous results. In analytical work, there are typically some new (for example) mathematical results produced, or a new way of approaching an existing problem. In some subjects which do not typically carry out experimentation or analysis of this kind, the originality is in the particular way existing understanding is changed or re-interpreted based on the outcome of the work of the researcher.^[9]

The degree of originality of the research is among major criteria for articles to be published in academic journals and usually established by means of peer review.^[10] Graduate students are commonly required to perform original research as part of a dissertation.^[11]

Scientific research is a systematic way of gathering data and harnessing curiosity. This research provides scientific information and theories for the explanation of the nature and the properties of the world. It makes practical applications possible. Scientific research is funded by public authorities, by charitable organizations and by private groups, including many companies. Scientific research can be subdivided into different classifications according to their academic and application disciplines. Scientific research is a widely used criterion for judging the standing of an academic institution, but some argue that such is an inaccurate assessment of the institution, because the quality of research does not tell about the quality of teaching (these do not necessarily correlate).^[12]

Research in the humanities involves different methods such as for example hermeneutics and semiotics. Humanities scholars usually do not search for the ultimate correct answer to a question, but instead, explore the issues and details that surround it. Context is always important, and context can be social, historical, political, cultural, or ethnic. An example of research in the humanities is historical research, which is embodied in historical method. Historians use primary sources and other evidence to systematically investigate a topic, and then to write histories in the form of accounts of the past. Other studies aim to merely examine the occurrence of behaviours in societies and communities, without particularly looking for reasons or motivations to explain these. These studies may be qualitative or quantitative, and can use a variety of approaches, such as queer theory or feminist theory.^[13]

Artistic research, also seen as ‘practice-based research’, can take form when creative works are considered both the research and the object of research itself. It is the debatable body of thought which offers an alternative to purely scientific methods in research in its search for knowledge and truth.

Scientific research[edit]

Primary scientific research being carried out at the Microscopy Laboratory of the Idaho National LaboratoryScientific research equipment at MITGerman maritime research vesselSonne

Generally, research is understood to follow a certain structural process. Though step order may vary depending on the subject matter and researcher, the following steps are usually part of most formal research, both basic and applied:

A common misconception is that a hypothesis will be proven (see, rather, null hypothesis). Generally, a hypothesis is used to make predictions that can be tested by observing the outcome of an experiment. If the outcome is inconsistent with the hypothesis, then the hypothesis is rejected (see falsifiability). However, if the outcome is consistent with the hypothesis, the experiment is said to support the hypothesis. This careful language is used because researchers recognize that alternative hypotheses may also be consistent with the observations. In this sense, a hypothesis can never be proven, but rather only supported by surviving rounds of scientific testing and, eventually, becoming widely thought of as true.

A useful hypothesis allows prediction and within the accuracy of observation of the time, the prediction will be verified. As the accuracy of observation improves with time, the hypothesis may no longer provide an accurate prediction. In this case, a new hypothesis will arise to challenge the old, and to the extent that the new hypothesis makes more accurate predictions than the old, the new will supplant it. Researchers can also use a null hypothesis, which states no relationship or difference between the independent or dependent variables.

Historical research[edit]

Main article: Historical methodGerman historian Leopold von Ranke (1795–1886), considered to be one of the founders of modern source-based history

The historical method comprises the techniques and guidelines by which historians use historical sources and other evidence to research and then to write history. There are various history guidelines that are commonly used by historians in their work, under the headings of external criticism, internal criticism, and synthesis. This includes lower criticism and sensual criticism. Though items may vary depending on the subject matter and researcher, the following concepts are part of most formal historical research:^[14]

Artistic research[edit]

The controversial trend of artistic teaching becoming more academics-oriented is leading to artistic research being accepted as the primary mode of enquiry in art as in the case of other disciplines.^[15] One of the characteristics of artistic research is that it must accept subjectivity as opposed to the classical scientific methods. As such, it is similar to the social sciences in using qualitative research and intersubjectivity as tools to apply measurement and critical analysis.^[16]

Artistic research has been defined by the University of Dance and Circus (Dans och Cirkushögskolan, DOCH), Stockholm in the following manner – “Artistic research is to investigate and test with the purpose of gaining knowledge within and for our artistic disciplines. It is based on artistic practices, methods, and criticality. Through presented documentation, the insights gained shall be placed in a context.”^[17] Artistic research aims to enhance knowledge and understanding with presentation of the arts.^[18] A more simple understanding by Julian Klein defines Artistic Research as any kind of research employing the artistic mode of perception.^[19] For a survey of the central problematics of today’s Artistic Research, see Giaco Schiesser.^[20]

According to artist Hakan Topal, in artistic research, “perhaps more so than other disciplines, intuition is utilized as a method to identify a wide range of new and unexpected productive modalities”.^[21] Most writers, whether of fiction or non-fiction books, also have to do research to support their creative work. This may be factual, historical, or background research. Background research could include, for example, geographical or procedural research.^[22]

The Society for Artistic Research (SAR) publishes the triannual Journal for Artistic Research (JAR),^[23][24] an international, online, open access, and peer-reviewed journal for the identification, publication, and dissemination of artistic research and its methodologies, from all arts disciplines and it runs the Research Catalogue (RC),^[25][26][27] a searchable, documentary database of artistic research, to which anyone can contribute.

Patricia Leavy addresses eight arts-based research (ABR) genres: narrative inquiry, fiction-based research, poetry, music, dance, theatre, film, and visual art.^[28]

In 2016 ELIA (European League of the Institutes of the Arts) launched The Florence Principles’ on the Doctorate in the Arts.^[29] The Florence Principles relating to the Salzburg Principles and the Salzburg Recommendations of EUA (European University Association) name seven points of attention to specify the Doctorate / PhD in the Arts compared to a scientific doctorate / PhD The Florence Principles have been endorsed and are supported also by AEC, CILECT, CUMULUS and SAR.

Documentary research[edit]

Steps in conducting research[edit]

Research is often conducted using the hourglass model structure of research.^[30] The hourglass model starts with a broad spectrum for research, focusing in on the required information through the method of the project (like the neck of the hourglass), then expands the research in the form of discussion and results. The major steps in conducting research are:^[31]

The steps generally represent the overall process; however, they should be viewed as an ever-changing iterative process rather than a fixed set of steps.^[33] Most research begins with a general statement of the problem, or rather, the purpose for engaging in the study.^[34] The literature review identifies flaws or holes in previous research which provides justification for the study. Often, a literature review is conducted in a given subject area before a research question is identified. A gap in the current literature, as identified by a researcher, then engenders a research question. The research question may be parallel to the hypothesis. The hypothesis is the supposition to be tested. The researcher(s) collects data to test the hypothesis. The researcher(s) then analyzes and interprets the data via a variety of statistical methods, engaging in what is known as empirical research. The results of the data analysis in rejecting or failing to reject the null hypothesis are then reported and evaluated. At the end, the researcher may discuss avenues for further research. However, some researchers advocate for the reverse approach: starting with articulating findings and discussion of them, moving “up” to identification of a research problem that emerges in the findings and literature review. The reverse approach is justified by the transactional nature of the research endeavor where research inquiry, research questions, research method, relevant research literature, and so on are not fully known until the findings have fully emerged and been interpreted.

Rudolph Rummel says, “… no researcher should accept any one or two tests as definitive. It is only when a range of tests are consistent over many kinds of data, researchers, and methods can one have confidence in the results.”^[35]

Plato in Meno talks about an inherent difficulty, if not a paradox, of doing research that can be paraphrased in the following way, “If you know what you’re searching for, why do you search for it?! [i.e., you have already found it] If you don’t know what you’re searching for, what are you searching for?!”^[36]

Research methods[edit]

The research room at the New York Public Library, an example of secondary research in progressMaurice Hilleman, the preeminent vaccinologist of the 20th century, is credited with saving more lives than any other scientist in that time^[37]

The goal of the research process is to produce new knowledge or deepen understanding of a topic or issue. This process takes three main forms (although, as previously discussed, the boundaries between them may be obscure):

There are two major types of empirical research design: qualitative research and quantitative research. Researchers choose qualitative or quantitative methods according to the nature of the research topic they want to investigate and the research questions they aim to answer:Qualitative researchThis involves understanding human behavior and the reasons that govern such behavior, by asking a broad question, collecting data in the form of words, images, video etc. that is analyzed, and searching for themes. This type of research aims to investigate a question without attempting to quantifiably measure variables or look to potential relationships between variables. It is viewed as more restrictive in testing hypotheses because it can be expensive and time-consuming and typically limited to a single set of research subjects.^{[citation needed]} Qualitative research is often used as a method of exploratory research as a basis for later quantitative research hypotheses.^{[citation needed]} Qualitative research is linked with the philosophical and theoretical stance of social constructionism.

Social media posts are used for qualitative research.^[38]Quantitative researchThis involves systematic empirical investigation of quantitative properties and phenomena and their relationships, by asking a narrow question and collecting numerical data to analyze it utilizing statistical methods. The quantitative research designs are experimental, correlational, and survey (or descriptive).^[39] Statistics derived from quantitative research can be used to establish the existence of associative or causal relationships between variables. Quantitative research is linked with the philosophical and theoretical stance of positivism.

The quantitative data collection methods rely on random sampling and structured data collection instruments that fit diverse experiences into predetermined response categories.^{[citation needed]} These methods produce results that are easy to summarize, compare, and generalize.^{[citation needed]} Quantitative research is concerned with testing hypotheses derived from theory or being able to estimate the size of a phenomenon of interest.

If the research question is about people, participants may be randomly assigned to different treatments (this is the only way that a quantitative study can be considered a true experiment).^{[citation needed]} If this is not feasible, the researcher may collect data on participant and situational characteristics to statistically control for their influence on the dependent, or outcome, variable. If the intent is to generalize from the research participants to a larger population, the researcher will employ probability sampling to select participants.^[40]

In either qualitative or quantitative research, the researcher(s) may collect primary or secondary data. Primary data is data collected specifically for the research, such as through interviews or questionnaires. Secondary data is data that already exists, such as census data, which can be re-used for the research. It is good ethical research practice to use secondary data wherever possible.^[41]

Mixed-method research, i.e. research that includes qualitative and quantitative elements, using both primary and secondary data, is becoming more common.^[42] This method has benefits that using one method alone cannot offer. For example, a researcher may choose to conduct a qualitative study and follow it up with a quantitative study to gain additional insights.^[43]

Big data has brought big impacts on research methods so that now many researchers do not put much effort into data collection; furthermore, methods to analyze easily available huge amounts of data have also been developed.^[44]Non-empirical research

Non-empirical (theoretical) research is an approach that involves the development of theory as opposed to using observation and experimentation. As such, non-empirical research seeks solutions to problems using existing knowledge as its source. This, however, does not mean that new ideas and innovations cannot be found within the pool of existing and established knowledge. Non-empirical research is not an absolute alternative to empirical research because they may be used together to strengthen a research approach. Neither one is less effective than the other since they have their particular purpose in science. Typically empirical research produces observations that need to be explained; then theoretical research tries to explain them, and in so doing generates empirically testable hypotheses; these hypotheses are then tested empirically, giving more observations that may need further explanation; and so on. See Scientific method.

A simple example of a non-empirical task is the prototyping of a new drug using a differentiated application of existing knowledge; another is the development of a business process in the form of a flow chart and texts where all the ingredients are from established knowledge. Much of cosmological research is theoretical in nature. Mathematics research does not rely on externally available data; rather, it seeks to prove theorems about mathematical objects.

Research ethics[edit]

Research ethics is concerned with the moral issues that arise during or as a result of research activities, as well as the ethical conduct of researchers. Historically, the revelation of scandals such as Nazi human experimentation and the Tuskegee syphilis experiment led to the realisation that clear measures are needed for the ethical governance of research to ensure that people, animals and environments are not unduly harmed in research.

When making ethical decisions, we may be guided by different things and philosophers commonly distinguish between approaches like deontology, consequentialism, virtue ethics and value (ethics). Regardless of approach, the application of ethical theory to specific controversial topics is known as applied ethics and research ethics can be viewed as a form of applied ethics because ethical theory is applied in real-world research scenarios.

Ethical issues may arise in the design and implementation of research involving human experimentation or animal experimentation. There may also be consequences for the environment, for society or for future generations that need to be considered. Research ethics is most developed as a concept in medical research, the most notable Code being the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki. Research in other fields such as social sciences, information technology, biotechnology, or engineering may generate different types of ethical concerns to those in medical research.^{[45][46][47][48]}

Nowadays, research ethics is commonly distinguished from matters of research integrity that includes issues such as: scientific misconduct (such as fraud, fabrication of data and plagiarism), etc.

Problems in research[edit]

Meta-research[edit]

Meta-research is the study of research through the use of research methods. Also known as “research on research”, it aims to reduce waste and increase the quality of research in all fields. Meta-research concerns itself with the detection of bias, methodological flaws, and other errors and inefficiencies. Among the finding of meta-research is a low rates of reproducibility across a large number of fields. This widespread difficulty in reproducing research has been termed the “replication crisis.”^[49]

Methods of research[edit]

In many disciplines, Western methods of conducting research are predominant.^[50] Researchers are overwhelmingly taught Western methods of data collection and study. The increasing participation of indigenous peoples as researchers has brought increased attention to the lacuna in culturally-sensitive methods of data collection.^[51] Western methods of data collection may not be the most accurate or relevant for research on non-Western societies. For example, “Hua Oranga” was created as a criterion for psychological evaluation in Māori populations, and is based on dimensions of mental health important to the Māori people – “taha wairua (the spiritual dimension), taha hinengaro (the mental dimension), taha tinana (the physical dimension), and taha whanau (the family dimension)”.^[52]

Linguicism[edit]

Periphery scholars face the challenges of exclusion and linguicism in research and academic publication. As the great majority of mainstream academic journals are written in English, multilingual periphery scholars often must translate their work to be accepted to elite Western-dominated journals.^[53] Multilingual scholars’ influences from their native communicative styles can be assumed to be incompetence instead of difference.^[54]

Publication peer review[edit]

Peer review is a form of self-regulation by qualified members of a profession within the relevant field. Peer review methods are employed to maintain standards of quality, improve performance, and provide credibility. In academia, scholarly peer review is often used to determine an academic paper’s suitability for publication. Usually, the peer review process involves experts in the same field who are consulted by editors to give a review of the scholarly works produced by a colleague of theirs from an unbiased and impartial point of view, and this is usually done free of charge. The tradition of peer reviews being done for free has however brought many pitfalls which are also indicative of why most peer reviewers decline many invitations to review.^[55] It was observed that publications from periphery countries rarely rise to the same elite status as those of North America and Europe, because limitations on the availability of resources including high-quality paper and sophisticated image-rendering software and printing tools render these publications less able to satisfy standards currently carrying formal or informal authority in the publishing industry.^[54] These limitations in turn result in the under-representation of scholars from periphery nations among the set of publications holding prestige status relative to the quantity and quality of those scholars’ research efforts, and this under-representation in turn results in disproportionately reduced acceptance of the results of their efforts as contributions to the body of knowledge available worldwide.

Influence of the open-access movement[edit]

The open access movement assumes that all information generally deemed useful should be free and belongs to a “public domain”, that of “humanity”.^[56] This idea gained prevalence as a result of Western colonial history and ignores alternative conceptions of knowledge circulation. For instance, most indigenous communities consider that access to certain information proper to the group should be determined by relationships.^[56]

There is alleged to be a double standard in the Western knowledge system. On the one hand, “digital right management” used to restrict access to personal information on social networking platforms is celebrated as a protection of privacy, while simultaneously when similar functions are used by cultural groups (i.e. indigenous communities) this is denounced as “access control” and reprehended as censorship.^[56]

Future perspectives[edit]

Even though Western dominance seems to be prominent in research, some scholars, such as Simon Marginson, argue for “the need [for] a plural university world”.^[57] Marginson argues that the East Asian Confucian model could take over the Western model.

This could be due to changes in funding for research both in the East and the West. Focussed on emphasizing educational achievement, East Asian cultures, mainly in China and South Korea, have encouraged the increase of funding for research expansion.^[57] In contrast, in the Western academic world, notably in the United Kingdom as well as in some state governments in the United States, funding cuts for university research have occurred, which some^[who?] say may lead to the future decline of Western dominance in research.

Professionalisation [edit]

In several national and private academic systems, the professionalisation of research has resulted in formal job titles.

In Russia[edit]

In present-day Russia, the former Soviet Union and in some post-Soviet states the term researcher (Russian: Научный сотрудник, nauchny sotrudnik) is both a generic term for a person who carried out scientific research, as well as a job position within the frameworks of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Soviet universities, and in other research-oriented establishments.

The following ranks are known:

Publishing[edit]

Cover of the first issue of Nature, 4 November 1869

Academic publishing is a system that is necessary for academic scholars to peer review the work and make it available for a wider audience. The system varies widely by field and is also always changing, if often slowly. Most academic work is published in journal article or book form. There is also a large body of research that exists in either a thesis or dissertation form. These forms of research can be found in databases explicitly for theses and dissertations. In publishing, STM publishing is an abbreviation for academic publications in science, technology, and medicine. Most established academic fields have their own scientific journals and other outlets for publication, though many academic journals are somewhat interdisciplinary, and publish work from several distinct fields or subfields. The kinds of publications that are accepted as contributions of knowledge or research vary greatly between fields, from the print to the electronic format. A study suggests that researchers should not give great consideration to findings that are not replicated frequently.^[59] It has also been suggested that all published studies should be subjected to some measure for assessing the validity or reliability of its procedures to prevent the publication of unproven findings.^[60] Business models are different in the electronic environment. Since about the early 1990s, licensing of electronic resources, particularly journals, has been very common. Presently, a major trend, particularly with respect to scholarly journals, is open access.^[61] There are two main forms of open access: open access publishing, in which the articles or the whole journal is freely available from the time of publication, and self-archiving, where the author makes a copy of their own work freely available on the web.

Research funding[edit]

This section needs expansion with: funding for research in the humanities and other areas. Presently, only scientific research is addressed. You can help by adding to it. (April 2019)

Most funding for scientific research comes from three major sources: corporate research and development departments; private foundations, for example, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation; and government research councils such as the National Institutes of Health in the USA^[62] and the Medical Research Council in the UK. These are managed primarily through universities and in some cases through military contractors. Many senior researchers (such as group leaders) spend a significant amount of their time applying for grants for research funds. These grants are necessary not only for researchers to carry out their research but also as a source of merit. The Social Psychology Network provides a comprehensive list of U.S. Government and private foundation funding sources.

References[edit]

Further reading[edit]

External links[edit]

My Lattes Curriculum: http://lattes.cnpq.br/5815016582806182 Deus no comando sempre! “Service to mankind, broadly or individually, is the greatest fulfillment in life” The Foundation’s Founder, Nobel Laureate, Dr. George H. Hitchings I started to do this http://www.science1984.wordpress.com in 2018 that has a very big amount of relevant information and knowledge from the world like links, images, websites, social networks, YouTube Videos, photos and texts. There is a large amount of very relevant scientific data. The sources of them are very reliable. This blog content is excellent with a very high quality and importance to the scientific community and others people. Many people around the world have visited it and liked it such as renowned professors, scientists and researchers worldwide. So, this blog sharing is very important to the world. Very important note: I don´t earn any money from this http://www.science1984.wordpress.com As you know, the world needs to have very efficient and detailed research and projects resulting in new drugs, vaccines, medical devices, therapeutic substances and other types of technologies to help people live better and longer, more and more. The diagnosis, treatment, prognosis and prevention methods of diseases need to improve so much faster in the world, of course. Unfortunately there are unknown diseases, fatal diseases, rare diseases and other diseases. There´re a lack of total understanding of them. The graphics I did about variations of all mice weights during all experimental time are not in the article of my dissertation nor in my dissertation. The details of exercise and rest times of the animals aren´t in the article: The influence of physical activity in the progression of experimental lung cancer in mice – Pathol Res Pract. 2012 Jul 15;208(7):377-81. Renato Batista Paceli 1, Rodrigo Nunes Cal, Carlos Henrique Ferreira dos Santos, José Antonio Cordeiro, Cassiano Merussi Neiva, Kazuo Kawano Nagamine, Patrícia Maluf Cury – https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22683274/ These graphics I did of ´´my´´ dissertation that are related to all animal ages in each group including control groups can be an excellent reference for future researches in animal testing and in human researches in the area of genetic engineering for example. These data are in my blog as well as the many direct invitations that I´ve received to participate in relevant scientific events of the world in a very little time. The age of the humans, animals and the genetics, physiology, biochemistry related to them influence directly in determined ways in human expectancy of life. -> The diagnosis, treatment, prognosis and prevention methods of diseases need to improve so much faster in the world, of course, to people live better and longer, more and more. God protect me always! God is always in the fight against evil in society in every way! Deus me proteja sempre! Deus sempre no combate contra o mal na sociedade de todas as formas! ´´Antigamente, eu acreditava que a conversa era a chave de tudo. Mas na verdade a compreensão que é. Porque você pode falar tudo o que te incomoda, porém se o outro não entender, já era.´´ ´´I used to believe that conversation was the key to everything. But actually understanding it is. Because you can say everything that bothers you, but if the other doesn’t understand, it’s over.´´ This blog content is very good with very high quality and importance to the national and world society. So many people from different countries have already visited it and liked it, such as renowned professors, researchers and scientists worldwide. I put a lot of positive feedback on this blog. I was invited through direct messages to participate as a speaker and other forms of several scientific events of high worldwide importance in a very short time because I participated in very important research in Brazil (´´my´´ monograph and ´´my ´´ dissertation). These invitations that were made to me are also on the blog, because as many know, the transparency of a website or blog is very important for people. Unfortunately, there are fake news on websites, social networks and blogs, for example. There is a lot of information and knowledge on this blog from very reliable sources. The dissemination of these information and knowledge is always essential for the progress of the country and the world. It was a very hard work to do, however, the most important and valuable thing is the recognition of all this work done by the people who access it. My intentions and objectives has always been and always will be to improve Brazil and the world in some way and/or in different ways with this blog, depending on who accesses it and in what field they work, for example. One of the main goals of this blog is to encourage scientific research; help professionals in the field with great information and knowledge, stimulating new ideas, projects and research; encourage people to do better scientific research, with more precision and details, even if there is no statistically significant difference in the results between certain parameters, as these aren´t results only because of that, and can stimulate new ideas on the part of professors, researchers, students, scientists and other people who work in the scientific area in carrying out new scientific works with different objectives and methodologies and/or focusing more in details like graphics comparisons in certain biological factors analysing certain factors like ages of the experimental animals and/or in humans in determined experimental time. Therefore, it´s relevant to show them to the Scientific Society in posters and scientific articles published in scientific journals, even with no statistically significant difference. The transparency of the results of a scientific work is always important. There´s an article published in 2019 in the Nature that inform this very important issue, stating that Science would be more difficult but better: https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-00874-8 It’s time to talk about ditching statistical significance – Looking beyond a much used and abused measure would make science harder, but better. Sometimes, small details in the results of a research, totally overlooked by many and/or all of the team, can play an essential role in obtaining new Scientific Discoveries in the future. Science is closely linked to uncertainty, questions and doubts. On many occasions, in the most diverse laboratories of several countries, results appear totally unexpected by the entire team responsible for the experiment, becoming very valuable to the scientific community. Many already know that working in the scientific area is very complicated, including in financial terms, because in many cases, the Government does not encourage the person with a scholarship, for example. This blog is dedicated to Science, Technology and Innovation. As many already know, human life expectancy needs to increase a lot in a short time through more efficient research and scientific projects, resulting in new therapeutic substances, medicines, vaccines, medical devices, among others. Unfortunately, there are silent, fatal diseases and other types of diseases that have been very complicated for a long time, and that the Scientific Community cannot cure, prevent, or diagnose them too early to make a treatment and prognosis much faster and more efficient. For this and other reasons, of course, unfortunately, so many people end up dying daily in Brazil and in other countries. The scientific world urgently needs major innovations to obtain better results in scientific work, even if these works are very difficult to understand and carry out. Transparency and clarity of research results in scientific articles and scientific events is essential, as it encourages people to reflect on the subject, even though it is very difficult to understand and explain. Obviously, it is much better to show them to the Scientific Community, such as detailed graphics referring to different ages of mice in different groups of a research, being able to compare them on different parameters, taking into account that the mouse genetics is almost the same. to that of the human being related to the health- disease state. As is known, age is a very relevant factor in a person’s health-disease process, combined with other factors that are related to each other simultaneously, such as genetics, human physiology, biochemistry, existing comorbidities in the human body, among others. The world urgently needs much more efficient methods of diagnosis, prognosis and treatment in many cases, as well as medical devices, medicines, therapeutic substances, among others. With that, the human lifespan will increase significantly. It is worth mentioning that personalized medicine or precision medicine is very innovative and important, but as in many fields of Science, there are many gaps that need to be filled through much more effective research and projects. It is clear that theory does not always combine with practice, depending on the subject at hand, and the work of professionals in the area is very challenging, complex and complicated, even with great interactions between several teams from different countries, however, the benefits of such results achieved are much better and efficient. Observation: There´re people who are part of the Scientific Community who believe that in the future Human Physical Immortality can be achieved. If you can promote the blog it will be very important, of course. If everyone who accesses the blog and disseminates it, the result of these attitudes will be very significant in many aspects for national and global society. There is a lot of very important and innovative work done by others on the blog. Health and Peace to you and others always! For a better world always! ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. The human expectancy of life needs to increase so much faster by more efficient researches and projects. So, the World will have very efficient drugs, therapeutic substances, medical devices and vaccines, for example. Unfortunately there are fatal diseases in our World. The methods of prevention, diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of diseases are always fundamental to the human life. In many cases, these methods need to be so much better more and more by more efficient technologies. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-00874-8 • EDITORIAL • 20 March 2019 It’s time to talk about ditching statistical significance Looking beyond a much used and abused measure would make science harder, but better. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-00857-9 COMMENT 20 March 2019 Scientists rise up against statistical significance Valentin Amrhein, Sander Greenland, Blake McShane and more than 800 signatories call for an end to hyped claims and the dismissal of possibly crucial effects. O conteúdo deste blog está muito bom com alta qualidade e importância p/ a sociedade nacional e mundial. Muitas pessoas de vários países já o acessaram e gostaram do mesmo, tais como renomados professores, pesquisadores e cientistas de várias partes do mundo. Coloquei muitos feedbacks positivos neste blog. Fui convidado por meio de mensagens diretas p/ participar como speaker e outras formas de vários eventos científicos de alta importância mundial em muito pouco tempo porque participei de pesquisas bem importantes no Brasil (´´minha´´ monografia e ´´minha´´ dissertação). Está no blog também estes convites que me foram feitos, pois como muitos sabem, a transparência de um site ou blog é muito importante p/ as pessoas. Infelizmente há fake news em sites, redes sociais e blogs, por exemplo. Há uma grande quantidade de informações e conhecimentos neste blog de fontes muito confiáveis. A difusão destas informações e conhecimentos sempre é essencial p/ o progresso do país e do mundo. Foi um trabalho muito árduo de fazê-lo, porém, o mais importante e valioso, é o reconhecimento de todo este trabalho feito pelas pessoas que o acessam. Minhas intenções e objetivos sempre foram e sempre serão de melhorar o Brasil e o mundo de alguma forma e/ou de várias formas com este blog, dependendo de quem o acessa e em que ramo trabalha, por exemplo. Um dos grandes objetivos deste blog é incentivar a realização da pesquisa científica; ajudar profissionais do ramo com ótimas informações e conhecimentos, estimulando novas ideias, projetos e pesquisas; incentivar as pessoas a fazerem uma melhor pesquisa científica, com mais precisão e detalhes, mesmo não havendo nos resultados uma diferença estatística significativa entre certos parâmetros, pois estes não deixam de ser resultados importantes apenas por isso, podendo estimular novas ideias por parte de professores, pesquisadores, alunos, cientistas e demais pessoas que atuam na área científica na realização de novos trabalhos científicos com objetivos e metodologias diferentes e/ou focando mais em detalhes como comparações gráficas em determinados fatores biológicos, analisando certos fatores, como idades dos animais experimentais e/ou em humanos durante um tempo experimental. Por isso, é relevante mostrá-los para a Sociedade Científica em pôsteres e artigos científicos publicados em revistas científicas, mesmo não havendo diferença estatística significativa. É sempre importante a transparência dos resultados de um trabalho científico. Há um artigo publicado na Revista Nature que aborda este assunto bem relevante, informando que a Ciência ficaria mais difícil porém melhor: It’s time to talk about ditching statistical significance – Looking beyond a much used and abused measure would make science harder, but better. Às vezes, pequenos detalhes nos resultados de uma pesquisa, menosprezados totalmente por muitos e/ou por todos da equipe, pode ter um papel essencial na obtenção de novas Descobertas Científicas futuramente. A Ciência está muito ligada à incerteza, questionamentos e dúvidas. Em muitas ocasiões, nos mais diversos laboratórios de vários países, surgem resultados totalmente inesperados por toda a equipe responsável do experimento, tornando-se muito valiosos pra comunidade científica. Muitos já sabem que trabalhar na área científica é bem complicado, incluindo em termos financeiros, pois em muitos casos, o Governo não estimula a pessoa com uma bolsa de estudos, por exemplo. Este blog está voltado à Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação. Como muitos já sabem, a expectativa de vida humana precisa aumentar muito em pouco tempo por meio de pesquisas e projetos científicos mais eficientes, resultando em novas substâncias terapêuticas, medicamentos, vacinas, aparelhos médicos, entre outros. Infelizmente há as doenças silenciosas, fatais e outros tipos de doenças muito complicadas desde muito tempo, e que a Comunidade Científica não consegue curá-las, prevení-las, diagnosticá-las muito precocemente para fazer um tratamento e prognóstico muito mais rápido e eficiente. Por isso e por outros motivos, é claro, infelizmente, muitas e muitas pessoas acabam falecendo diariamente no Brasil e nos demais países. O mundo científico precisa urgentemente de grandes inovações p/ a obtenção de melhores resultados nos trabalhos científicos, mesmo que estes trabalhos sejam muito difíceis de serem compreendidos e realizados. É fundamental a transparência e clareza dos resultados das pesquisas em artigos científicos e eventos científicos, pois estimula as pessoas a refletirem sobre o assunto, mesmo sendo muito difícil de ser entendido e explicado. Obviamente, é bem melhor mostrá-los p/ a Comunidade Científica, tais como gráficos detalhistas referentes à diferentes idades de camundongos em grupos distintos de uma pesquisa, podendo compará-los sobre diferentes parâmetros, levando em consideração que a genética do camundongo é quase igual à do humano estando relacionado ao estado de saúde-doença. Como é sabido, a idade é um fator muito relevante no processo de saúde- doença de uma pessoa, aliada à outros fatores que se relacionam entre si simultaneamente, como a genética, fisiologia humana, bioquímica, comorbidades existentes no corpo humano, entre outros. O mundo precisa urgentemente de métodos de diagnóstico, prognóstico e tratamento muito mais eficientes em vários casos, assim como de aparelhos médicos, medicamentos, substâncias terapêuticas, e outros. Com isso, o tempo de vida humano aumentará significativamente. Vale ressaltar que a medicina personalizada ou medicina de precisão é muito importante e inovadora, mas, assim como em vários campos da Ciência, há muitas lacunas que precisam ser preenchidas por meio de pesquisas e projetos bem mais eficazes. É claro que a teoria nem sempre se alia à prática, dependendo do assunto de que se trata, o trabalho dos profissionais da área científica é muito desafiador, complexo e complicado, mesmo havendo grandes interações entre várias equipes de vários países, porém, os benefícios de tais resultados alcançados são muito melhores e eficientes. Observação: Há pessoas que fazem parte da Comunidade Científica que acreditam que no futuro a Imortalidade Física Humana poderá ser atingida. Se você puder divulgar o blog será muito importante, sem sombras de dúvidas. Se cada um que acessar o blog e divulgar o mesmo, o resultado destas atitudes será muito significativo em vários aspectos p/ a sociedade nacional e mundial. Há uma grande quantidade de trabalhos muito importantes e inovadores feitos por outras pessoas no blog. Saúde e Paz pra você e p/ as demais pessoas sempre! Por um mundo sempre melhor!! A expectativa de vida humana precisa aumentar muito mais rápido por meio de pesquisas e projetos mais eficientes. Assim, o mundo terá medicamentos, substâncias terapêuticas, dispositivos médicos e vacinas muito mais eficientes, por exemplo. Infelizmente existem asdoenças fatais em nosso mundo. Os métodos de prevenção, diagnóstico, prognóstico e tratamento de doenças são sempre fundamentais para a vida humana. Em muitos casos, esses métodos precisam ser cada vez melhores por tecnologias mais eficientes. – Compartilhar informações interessantes e importantes é um ato bem importante porque ajuda na difusão das mesmas no mundo. É claro, tem que ser verdadeiras e não fake news. – Sharing interesting and important information is a very important act because it helps in the diffusion of them in the world. Of course, it has to be true and not fake news. #sincerity #sinceridade #probabilities #probabilidades #website #site #link #Internet #socialnetworks #videos #photos #images #technologies #reasons #motivos #content #conteúdo #people #pessoas #person #pessoa #intentions #intenções #crimes #improvement #melhoria #memory #message #mensagem #chat #name #nick #nicks #time #tempo #economy #economia #tempo #dinheiro #money #price #preço #levelofimportance #níveldeimportância #numberofpeople #númerodepessoas #mente #mind #velocity #velocidade #patrocinadores #sponsors #law #direito #respect #respeito #vida #life #saúde #health #actions #ações #investigations #investigações #estímulo #motivation #otherperson #otherpeople #outrapessoa #outraspessoas #wikipedia #forbes #exame #países #história #history #money #dinheiro #qualidadedochat #qualidadedosite #níveldeimportânciadochat #levelofimportanceofchat #futureconsequencestosociety #futurasconsequenciasprasociedade #nome #pessoa #name #person ##team #equipe #family #família #amigo #amigos #friend #friends #diferentestiposdepessoas #differenttypesofpeople #Longevity #longevidade #memories #memórias #fala #speak #escrita #writing #typing #digitação #worldhistory #históriadomundo #país #country #countries #países #sitemuitoconhecido #manypeopleknowthiswwebsite #email #emails #mensagens #messages #leitura #reading #probabilidades #probabilities #intentions #goals #idade #idades #age #ages #questions #affirmations #pergunta #futureimaginations #imaginaçõesfuturas #imaginações #imaginations #perguntas #assunto #subject #cidade #city #afirmações #objetivos #trabalho #work #site #chat #lackofrespecttome #futuro #future #faltaderespeitocomigo #amizades #supposition #fato #fact #suposição #futuraamizade #futurefriendship #futurefriendships #lackofrespect #futurosencontros #futuroencontro #futuremeeting #futuremeetings #statistics #estatísticas #website #Brazil #ranking #world #mundo #USA #EUA #OtherCountries #USAAuthorities #mudançadeatitudes #changeofattitudes #opinions #opinioes #mudancadeopinioes #changeofopinions #USAPolice #BetterWebsite #BetterChat #mentalhealthofotherpeople #saúdementaldeoutraspessoas #faltaderespeito #humanlongevity #longevidadehumana #pensamentodeoutrapessoa #conselho #advice #links #pensamentosdeoutraspessoas #thinkingofotherperson #thoughtsofotherperson #thoughtsofotherpeople #leitordemente #mindreading #muitodesrespeito #faladeoutrapessoa #otherpersonspeaking #faladeoutraspessoas #speakingofotherpeople #InternetPionners #vídeosdainternettotalmenteinapropriados #totallyinappropriateinternetvideos #description #descrição #induçãodeacoeserradas #inductionsofwrongactions #leiturademeail #emailreading #analysis #análise #pioneiros #contributions #InternetSociety #InternetAuthorities ##contribuições #sociedade #society #betterworld #mundomelhor #differenttechnologies #diferentestecnologias View all posts by ciencia100Edit”Goals of this Blog @? E-mails – Probability – Leitura – Reading – Team – USA Authorities – Time – Memory – Law – Times – Feelings – Life – Positive Feedbacks about this Blog @ Sharing interesting and important information is a very important act because it helps in the diffusion of them in the world. Of course, it has to be true and not fake news. #sincerity #sinceridade #probabilities #probabilidades #website #site #link #Internet #socialnetworks #videos #photos #images #technologies #reasons #motivos #content #conteúdo #people #pessoas #person #pessoa #intentions #intenções #crimes #improvement #melhoria #memory #message #mensagem #chat #name #nick #nicks #time #tempo #economy #economia #tempo #dinheiro #money #price #preço #levelofimportance #níveldeimportância #numberofpeople #númerodepessoas #mente #mind #velocity #velocidade #patrocinadores #sponsors #law #direito #respect #respeito #vida #life #saúde #health #actions #ações #investigations #investigações #estímulo #motivation #otherperson #otherpeople #outrapessoa #outraspessoas #wikipedia #team #equipe #family #família #amigo #amigos #friend #friends #diferentestiposdepessoas #differenttypesofpeople #Longevity #longevidade #memories #memórias #fala #speak #escrita #writing #typing #digitação #worldhistory #históriadomundo #país #country #countries #países #sitemuitoconhecido #manypeopleknowthiswwebsite #email #emails #mensagens #messages #leitura #reading #probabilidades #probabilities #intentions #goals #idade #idades #age #ages #questions #affirmations #pergunta #futureimaginations #imaginaçõesfuturas #imaginações #imaginations #perguntas #assunto #subject #cidade #city #afirmações #objetivos #trabalho #work #site #chat #lackofrespecttome #futuro #future #faltaderespeitocomigo #lackofrespect #futurosencontros #futuroencontro #futuremeeting #futuremeetings #statistics #estatísticas #website #Brazil #ranking #world #mundo #USA #EUA #OtherCountries #USAAuthorities #USAPolice #BetterWebsite #BetterChat #mentalhealthofotherpeople #saúdementaldeoutraspessoas #faltaderespeito #humanlongevity #longevidadehumana #pensamentodeoutrapessoa #conselho #advice #links #pensamentosdeoutraspessoas #thinkingofotherperson #thoughtsofotherperson #thoughtsofotherpeople #leitordemente #mindreading #muitodesrespeito #faladeoutrapessoa #otherpersonspeaking #faladeoutraspessoas #speakingofotherpeople #InternetPionners #vídeosdainternettotalmenteinapropriados #totallyinappropriateinternetvideos #description #descrição #induçãodeacoeserradas #inductionsofwrongactions #leiturademeail #emailreading #analysis #análise #pioneiros #contributions #InternetSociety #InternetAuthorities ##contribuições #sociedade #society #betterworld #mundomelhor #differenttechnologies #diferentestecnologias”

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