Technological Innovation Research Paper
View sample Technological Innovation Research Paper. Browse other research paper examples and check the list of research paper topics for more inspiration. If you need a religion research paper written according to all the academic standards, you can always turn to our experienced writers for help. This is how your paper can get an A! Feel free to contact our custom writing service for professional assistance. We offer high-quality assignments for reasonable rates. Technological innovation is the successful implementation (in commerce or management) of a technical idea new to the institution creating it. Innovations are distinguished from inventions, technology and research, but may arise from any of the three. A variety of models of the innovation process are described, for they are useful in developing public policies for encouraging innovations as well as for managing their creation. The more advanced of these models include consideration of complementary assets and social capital, which helps explain the differences in innovative capacity in different societies. The American society is particularly given to the use of banners under which to rally public opinion to the advance of economic well being. In the middle 1970s, when ‘high tech’ industries emerged as the key to growth, and American firms were immediately challenged by the technically adroit Japanese, the banner was ‘critical technologies’ derived from defense and space research. When the economic challenge became serious in the 1980s and early 1990s the banner was ‘competitiveness’; even conservative President Reagan launched a White House taskforce to suggest how government could enhance American competitiveness in the face of serious price and quality competition in technology intensive industries, especially in Asia. As we prepare to enter the next millenium, the new banner, in nations rich and poor, is ‘innovation.’ 1. Definitions While a firm can become more competitive by cornering a market or slashing worker’s wages, innovation implies a transformation in the market—the invocation of imagination and daring in the adoption of new ways of doing things. The word innovation has an old history. The Oxford English Dictionary uses a broad definition: ‘A change in the nature or fashion of anything; something newly introduced, a novel practice, method, etc.’ and traces its first use back to 1553. In its contemporary usage, Burke is quoted as writing in 1796 ‘It is a revolt of innovation; and thereby the very elements of society have been unfounded and dissipated.’ In modern usage we must distinguish innovation from invention, technology, and scientific or engineering research. Invention is the conception of a new artifact or process that is useful, original, and non-obvious. Technology is the capability to perform a technical task or process. Research leads to understanding of how things work. Innovation, as defined by Richard Nelson (1993), is ‘the processes by which firms master and get into practice product designs and manufacturing processes that are new to them …’ Thus, an invention does not become an innovation (and many never do) until the invention is successfully embodied in a product and introduced to the
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